Temporomandibular joint disorder, also known as TMJ disorder, is a condition that occurs when the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull is affected by various causes. This disorder is also known as temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), TMJ syndrome, or simply TMJ.
 
The temporomandibular joint is made up of various structures, including muscles, ligaments, synovial membrane, jawbone, articular disc, posterior disc tissue attached to the articular disc, and joint capsule, all working together to control movement. Temporomandibular joint disorder occurs when there is a problem with one or more of these structures. Temporomandibular joint disorder is divided into various causes and types, and we will explain in detail the main causes and types.

1. Types

Temporomandibular joint disorder can be divided into the following main types:
 
(1) Temporomandibular Joint Articular Disorders: This type is caused by problems with the structure of the joint, such as congenital or developmental problems, articular disc abnormalities (disc abnormalities), synovitis, osteoarthritis, and others.
 
(2) Masticatory Muscle Disorder: This type is caused by problems with the related muscles, including myofascial pain, myositis, muscle spasms, localized muscle pain, protective muscle tension, muscle spasticity, neoplasms, and others.

2. Causes

Temporomandibular joint disorder can be caused by various factors. Common causes include the following:

• Trauma and impact: Direct trauma or impact can damage the temporomandibular joint.
• Negative habits: Habits such as resting your chin on your hand, clenching your teeth, grinding your teeth, or clenching your jaw can put pressure on the temporomandibular joint and cause problems.
• Stress: Stress can cause muscle tension or contraction, which can lead to temporomandibular joint problems.
• Malocclusion of the maxilla and mandible: If the maxilla and mandible do not align properly, temporomandibular joint disorder may occur.
• Musculoskeletal disorders: Musculoskeletal disorders, especially conditions such as forward head posture, can trigger temporomandibular joint problems.
• Inflammation and infection: If there is inflammation, infection, or pus in the teeth, this problem can spread to the temporomandibular joint.
• Orthodontic treatment and splints: Improper orthodontic treatment or the use of splints can trigger temporomandibular joint problems.
• Genetic factors: If there is a family history, it can increase the risk of temporomandibular joint problems.

3. Symptoms

The main symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder are as follows:

• Pain: You may experience pain in the temporomandibular joint, ear, head, neck, shoulder, and surrounding face.
• Limited jaw movement: You may experience a feeling of heaviness or limited movement when moving your jaw.
• Clicking sounds in the jaw: Clicking sounds may be heard during jaw movement.
• Muscle tension: You may experience tension in the facial, neck, or shoulder muscles.
• Swelling around the jaw: Swelling may occur around the temporomandibular joint.
• Tooth sensitivity: You may experience tooth sensitivity, which can make drinking or speaking difficult.

4. Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorder is done by a doctor and can be confirmed through physical examination, X-rays, MRI, CT scans, etc. Treatment methods may vary depending on the cause and severity, but generally, the following treatments are used.

• Medication: Medications that reduce pain and decrease inflammation can be used.
• Physical therapy: Physical therapy can be used to restore the function of the temporomandibular joint and surrounding muscles.
• Dental treatment: If dental alignment or orthodontic treatment is required, dental treatment is performed.
• Dental splints: A special device called a splint can be used to stabilize the temporomandibular joint.
• Muscle relaxation and stabilization: Muscle relaxation and stabilization exercises can relieve muscle tension and improve temporomandibular joint problems.
• Surgical treatment: In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.
  

Conclusion

Temporomandibular joint disorder is treatable, and with accurate diagnosis and a proper treatment plan, symptoms can be alleviated and normal temporomandibular joint function can be restored. If you need further information or assistance, it is best to consult with a medical professional.